Coronary Artery Disease - Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease, caused by plaque buildup in the walls of arteries that supply blood to the heart.
Overview
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death globally. India has one of the highest burdens of CAD in the world, with the disease affecting Indians a decade earlier than Western populations.
CAD develops over decades and may not show symptoms until a heart attack occurs. Risk factor management, lifestyle changes, and medications can significantly reduce the risk of heart attack and death.
Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease
- Chest PainPrimary
Chest pain is any discomfort or pain felt in the area between the neck and upper abdomen. It can have many causes, ranging from minor issues to serious, life-threatening conditions.
- Shortness of BreathPrimary
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is a feeling of not being able to get enough air, or difficulty breathing. It can be caused by various heart, lung, or other conditions.
- Fatigue
Fatigue is a feeling of persistent tiredness or exhaustion that does not improve with rest. It can be physical, mental, or both, and may indicate an underlying health condition.
- Palpitations
Palpitations are feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart. They can be felt in the chest, throat, or neck.
- Dizziness
Dizziness is a feeling of lightheadedness, unsteadiness, or a sensation that the room is spinning. It is a common symptom that can have many underlying causes.
- Nausea
Nausea is an uneasy feeling in the stomach that often comes before vomiting. It can be caused by many conditions including infections, pregnancy, motion sickness, and digestive disorders.
- Swelling
Swelling (edema) is the enlargement of body parts caused by fluid accumulation in tissues. It can occur in any part of the body but commonly affects feet, ankles, legs, and hands.
Causes of Coronary Artery Disease
Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries)
High cholesterol (especially LDL)
High blood pressure
Smoking
Diabetes
Chronic inflammation
Genetic factors
Treatment for Coronary Artery Disease
Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, smoking cessation)
Statins and cholesterol-lowering medications
Antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, clopidogrel)
Blood pressure medications
Nitrates for chest pain (angina)
Angioplasty and stenting
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
Cardiac rehabilitation
Prevention
Maintain healthy cholesterol levels
Control blood pressure
Manage diabetes effectively
Quit smoking
Exercise regularly (150 minutes/week)
Eat a heart-healthy diet
Maintain a healthy weight
Manage stress
Limit alcohol
Risk Factors
High LDL cholesterol
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Smoking
Family history of heart disease
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Age (men over 45, women over 55)
South Asian ethnicity
Chronic kidney disease
When to See a Doctor
See a cardiologist if you have risk factors for heart disease, experience chest pain or pressure with activity, shortness of breath, or unexplained fatigue. Call emergency services immediately for sudden chest pain, especially with sweating, nausea, or arm/jaw pain.
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Which Doctor to Consult for Coronary Artery Disease
If you are experiencing symptoms of coronary artery disease, you may want to consult a specialist in one of these areas:
Related Conditions
These conditions share similar symptoms with coronary artery disease and may be relevant:
Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive, persistent worry and fear that interferes with daily activities.
Hypertension
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a common condition where the force of blood against artery walls is consistently too high, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems.
Anemia
Anemia is a condition where the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry adequate oxygen to the body's tissues, causing fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough with phlegm, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) is a condition where excess fat builds up in the liver. It can be alcohol-related or non-alcoholic (NAFLD/NASH).
Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, eventually requiring dialysis or transplant if it progresses to end-stage.
FAQS
Coronary Artery Disease FAQs
Common questions about coronary artery disease.
While atherosclerosis cannot be completely reversed, aggressive lifestyle changes and medications can stabilize plaques, slow progression, and significantly reduce the risk of heart attack. Some studies show partial regression with very strict interventions.
Medical Disclaimer
The content provided on Zospital is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or emergency services immediately.